Microsoft XENIX Programmer's Manual Vol 1-2

XENIX OS
Programmer's Manual

Information in this document is subject to change without notice and docs not represent a
commitment on the part of Microsoft. The software described in this document is furnished
under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement. The software may be used or copied
only in accordance with die terms of the agreement.

Holders of a UNIX'" software license arc permitted to copy this document, or any portion of.
it, as necessary for licensed use of the software, provided this copyrighentfcice and. statimfint.'
of permission arc included.

INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 1

This volume gives descriptions of the publicly available features of the UNixt system. It does
not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information upon the UNIX operating system, its
facilities, or its implementation. Various documents on those topics are contained in Volume 2.
In particular, for an overview see 'The UNIX Time-Sharing System* by Ritchie and Thompson;
for a tutorial see 'UNIX for Beginners' by Kernighan.

Within the area It surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete and concise. Where
the latter two objectives conflict, the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity. It is
intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be. Inevitably, this means
that various sections will soon be out of date.

The volume is divided into eight sections:

File formats and conventions

Macro packages and language conventions

Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by the user. In contradistinction to
subroutines, which are intended to be called by the user's programs. Commands generally
reside in directory-/bin (for binzry programs). Some programs also reside in lusr/bin, to save
space in /bin. These directories-are searched automatically by the command interpreter. .

System calls are entries into the UNtx supervisor. Every system call has one or more C
language interfaces described in section 2. The underlying assembly language interface, coded
with opcode sys. a synonym for rap, is given as well.

An assortment of subroutines is available; they are described in section 3. The primary
libraries in which they are kept are described in introO). The functions are described in terms
of C, but most will work with Fortran as well.

The special tiles section 4 discusses the characteristics of each system 'file' that actually refers
to an I/O device. The names in this section refer to the DEC device names for the hardware,
instead of the names of the special files themselves.

The tile formats and conventions section 5 documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
for example, the form of the output of the loader and assembler is given. Excluded are tiles
used by only one command, for example the assembler's intermediate tiles.

Games have been relegated to section 6 to keep them from contaminating the more staid infor-
mation of section 1.

Section 7 is a miscellaneous collection of information necessary to writing in various specialized
languages: character codes, macro packages for typesetting, etc.

The maintenance section 8 discusses procedures not intended for use by the ordinary user.
These procedures often involve use of commands of section 1, where an attempt has been

tUNIX is a Trademark of Bel! Laboratories.

made to single out peculiarly maintenance-flavored commands by marking them 1M.

Each section consists of a number of independent entries of a page or so each. The name of
the entry is in the upper comers of its pages, together with the section number, and sometimes
a letter characteristic of a subcategory, e.g. graphics is 1G, and the math library is 3M. Entries
within each section are alphabetized The page numbers of each entry start at 1; it is infeasible
to number consecutively the pages of a document like this that is republished in many variant
forms.

All entries are based on a common format, not all of whose subsections will always appear.

The name subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines covered
under the entry and gives a very short description of their purpose.

The synopsis summarizes the use of the program being described. A few conventions are
used, particularly in the Commands subsection:

Boldface words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.

Square brackets [ 1 around an argument indicate that the argument is optional.
When an argument is given as 'name', it always refers to a file name.

Ellipses '...' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype may be
repeated.

A final convention is used by the commands themselves. An argument beginning
with a minus sign ' —' is often taken to mean some sort of option-specifying argu-
ment even if it appears in a position where a file name could appear. Therefore, it is
unwise to have files whose names begin with ' —'.

The description subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.

The files subsection gives the names of riles which are built into the program^

A see also subsection gives pointers to related information. ... - _r

A diagnostics subsection discusses the diagnostic indications which may. be produced.
Messages which are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.

The bugs subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies. Occasionally also the
suggested fix is described. '

In section 2 an assembler subsection carries the assembly..language system interface.

At the beginning of the volume is a table of contents, organized by section and- alphabetically
within each section. There is also a permuted index derived from the table of contents. Within
each index'entry, the tide of the writeup to which it refers is followed by the appropriate sec-
tion number in parentheses. This fact is important because there is considerable¹,name duplica-
tion among the sections, arising principally from commands which exist only ta exercise.a par-
ticular system call. _

HOW TO GET STARTED ,.. _SI

This section sketches the basic information you need to get started on .ie ,1>.6 ,UN1X : how to
log in and log out, how to communicate: through your .terminal; ami how to rum a, program. See
'UNIX for Beginners' in Volume 2 fopa more complete irltroducuon to the -system._; ^

Logging in. You must call'UNIX from an appropriates terminal.' UNIX terminals are typified by
the TTY 43, the GE Terminet 300, the DAST300S and 450,-arid most video;.terminals>such as
the' Batamedia 5120 or HP 2640. You must also have a valid user name,, which may'be
obtained, togetherwith the telephone number, from, thesystem administrators..-.Thersame tele-
phone ntimoer serves terminals operating at all the standard speeds. :After a data connection is
established, me login procedure depends on what kind of terminal you are using.; " ■<.

300-baud terminals:- Such terminals include the GE Terminet 300 and most display -terminals
run with popular modems. These terminals generally nave a speed switch which.shouid.be set
at '300¹ (of/30'-for 30 characters pefsecohdi and ^haff/full duplex switch which should be set

at full-duplex. (This switch will often have to be changed since many other systems require
half-duplex). When a connection is established, the system types 'login:'; you type your user
name, followed by the 'return' key. If you have a password, the system asks for it and turns
off the printer on the terminal so the password wiil not appear. After you have logged in, the
'return', 'new line', or 'linefeed' keys wiil give exactly the same results.

1200- and 150-baud terminals: If there is a half/full duplex switch, set it at full-duplex. When
you have established a data connection, the system types out a few garbage characters (the
'login:' message at the wrong speed). Depress the 'break' (or 'interrupt') key; this is a speed-
independent signal to UNIX that a different speed terminal is in use. The system then wiil type
'login:,' this time at another speed. Continue depressing the break key until 'login:' appears in
clear, then respond with your user name. From the TTY 37 terminal, and any other which has
the 'newline* function (combined carriage return and linefeed), terminate each line you type
with the 'new line' key, otherwise use the 'return' key.

Hard'Wired terminals. Hard-wired terminals usually begin at the right speed, up to 9600 baud;
otherwise the preceding instructions apply.

For all these terminals, it is important that you type your name in lower-case if possible; if you
type upper-case letters, UNIX will assume that your terminal cannot generate lower-case letters
and will translate all subsequent upper-case letters to lower case.

The evidence that you have successfully logged in is that the Shell program will type a '$' to
you. (The Shell is described below under 'How to run a program.')

For more information, consult jrn'(l), which teiis how to adjust terminal behavior, gettyiB),
which discusses the login sequence in more detail, and try(4). which discusses terminal I/O.

Logging oul There are three ways to log out:

You can simply hang up the phone.

You can log out by typing an end-of-file indication (EOT character, control-d) to the
Shell. The Shell will terminate and the 'login: ' message will appear again.

You can also log in directly as another user by giving a login(l) command.

How to communicate through your terminal When you type characters, a gnome deep in the sys-
tem gathers^our characters and saves them in a secret place. The characters wiil not be given
to a program until you type a return (or newline), as described above in Logging in.

UNIX terminal I/O is full-duplex. It has full read-ahead, which means that you can type at any
time,' even while a program is typing at you. Of course, if you type during output, the printed
output will have the input characters interspersed. However, whatever you type will be saved
up and interpreted in correct sequence. There is a limit to the amount of read-ahead, but it .is
generous and nm likely to be exceeded unless the system is in trouble. When the read-ahead
limit is exceeded, the system throws away all the saved characters.

The character '@' in typed input kills all the preceding characters in the line, so typing mistakes
can be repaired on a single line. Also, the character '#' erases the last character typed. Succes-
sive uses of '#* erase characters back to, but not beyond, the beginning of the line. '@* and
*#' can be transmitted,to a program.by preceding them with 'V. (So, to erase 'V, you need two
*#'s). These conventions can be..changed by the sayil) command.

The 'break' of ^interrupt' key-causes ah interrupt signal, as does the The ASCII 'delete' (or
'nibout') character, which is not passed to programs. This signal generally causes whatever
program.you are running to terminate. It is typically used to stop a long printout that you don't
want. However, programs can arrange either to ignore this signal altogether, or to be notified
when it happens (instead of being terminated). The editor, for example, catches interrupts and
stops what it is doing, instead of terminating, so that an interrupt can be used tohalt an editor
printout without losing the file being edited.

The quit signal is generated-by typing the ascihFS character. (FS appears-many places, on
different, terminals, most commonly SicOntrol-\ or control-j.) It not.only causes a running

program to terminate but also generates a file with the core image of the terminated process.
Quit is useful for debugging.

Besides adapting to the speed of the terminal, UNIX tries to be intelligent about whether you
have a terminal with the newline function or whether it must be simulated with carriage-return
and line-feed. In the latter case, all input carriage returns are turned to newline characters (the
standard line delimiter) and both a carriage return and a line feed are echoed to the terminal.
If you get into the wrong mode, the stty(l) command will rescue you.

Tab characters are used freeiy in UNIX source programs. If your terminal does not have the tab
function, you can arrange to have them turned into spaces during output, and echoed as spaces
during input. The system assumes that tabs are set every eight columns. Again, the stry(\)
command will set or reset this mode. Also, the command tabs(l) will set the tab stops
automatically on many terminals.

How to run a program; the SheiL When you have successfully logged in, a program called the
Shell is listening to your terminal. The Shell reads typed-in lines, splits them up into a com-
mand name and arguments, and executes the command. A command is simply an executable
program. The Shell looks first in your current directory (see below) for a program with the
given name, and if none is there, then in a system directory. There is nothing special about
system-provided commands except that they are kept in a directory where the Shell can find
them.

The command name is always the first word on an input line; it and its arguments are separated
from one another by spaces.

When a program terminates, the Shell will ordinarily regain control and type a '$' at you to
indicate that it is ready for another command.

The Shell has many other capabilities, which are described in detail in section sh(l).

The current directory. UNIX has a file system arranged in a hierarchy of directories. :When the.
system administrator gave you a user name, he also created a directory for you.,.(.ordinarily with
the same name as your user name). When you log in, any file name you type is by .default in
this directory. Since you are the owner of this directory, you have full permission to read,
write, alter, or destroy its contents. Permissions to have your wuT With other directories and
files will have been granted or denied to you by their owners. As a matter of observed fact,
few UNIX users protect their files from destruction, let alone perusal, by other users..

To change the current directory (but not the set of permissions you were endowed with at
login) use cd(\).

Path names. To refer to files not in the current directory, you must use a path name. Full
path names begin with V, the name of the root directory of the whole file system. After the
slash comes the name of each directory containing the next sub-directory (followed by a V)
until finally the file name is reached. For example, /usr/lemjfikx refers to^the file filex in the
directory lem; !em is itself a subdirectory of usr; usr springs directly-from the root directory.

If your current directory has subdirectories, the path names of files therein befgin with the name
of the subdirectory with no prefixed V.

A path name may be used anywhere a file name is required.

Important commands which modify the contents of files are cp(l), my(.l), and /w(l), which
respectively copy, move (i.e. rename) and remove files. To find out the'status of files or direc-
tories, use /j(l). See mkdir(l) for making directories and rmdir (in rm(\))tfoT destroying
them.

For a fuller discussion of the file system, see The UNIX Time-Sharing System,' by Ken_;Thomp-
son and Dennis Ritchie. It may also be useful to glance through section 2 of.thisgjanual,
which discusses system calls, even if you don't intend to deal with the system at that levei.

Writing a program. To enter the text of a source program into a UNIX file, use the editor ed(\).
The three principal languages in UNIX are provided by the C compiler cc(l), the Fortran

compiler /77(1), and the assembler asil). After the program text has been entered through
the editor and written on a file, you can give the file to the appropriate language processor as an
argument. The output of the language processor will be left on a file in the current directory
named 'a.out'. (If the output is precious, use mv to move it to a less exposed name soon.) If
you wrote in assembly language, you will probably need to load the program with library sub-
routines; see ld(l). The other two language processors call the loader automatically.

When you have finally gone through this entire process without provoking any diagnostics, the
resulting program can be run by giving its name to the Shell in response to the '$' prompt.

Your programs can receive arguments from the command line just as system programs do, see
exec{2).

Text processing. Almost all text is entered through the editor ed{\). The commands most
often used to write text on a terminal are: cat, pr, ro#and nroff, all in section 1.

The cat command simply dumps asch text on the terminal, with no processing at all. The pr
command paginates the text, supplies headings, and has a facility for multi-column output.
Nroff is an elaborate text formatting program. Used naked, it requires careful forethought, but
for ordinary documents it has been tamed; see msO). Roff is a simpler text formatting pro-
gram, and requires somewhat less forethought.

Troff prepares documents for a Graphics Systems photo typesetter; it is very similar to nroff, and
often works from exactly the same source text. It was used to produce this manual.

Status inquiries. Various commands exist to provide you with useful information. WhoiX)
prints a list of users presently logged in. Daie(l) prints the current time and date. Ls(l) will
list the files in your directory or give summary information about particular files.

Surprises. Certain commands provide inter-user communication. Even if you do not plan to
use them, it would be well to learn something about them, because someone else may aim
them at you.

To communicate with another user currently iogged in, writeti) is used; maitiX) will .leave a
message whose presence will be announced to another user when he next logs in. the write-
ups in the manual also suggest how to respond to the two commands if you are a target.

When you log in, a message-of-the-day may greet you before the first '$'.

CONVERTING FROM THE 6TH EDITION

There follows a catalogue of significant, mostly incompatible, changes that will affect old users
converting to the 7th edition.

Addressing files. Byte addresses in files are now long (32-bit) integers. Accordingly seek has
been replaced by lseek(2). Every program that contains a seek must be modified. Stat and
fstat(2) have been affected similarly, since file lengths are now 32- rather than 24-bit quantities.

Assembly language. System entry points are no longer built in symbols. Their values must be
obtained from lusrl'mcludelsys.s, see intro(2). All system calls modify rO. This means that
sequences like

will no longer work- (In fact, Iseek now modifies rl as well, so be doubly cautious.)

The sleep(2) entry point is gone; see the more general facility, alarm, plus pause.

Few library functions have assembly language entry points any more. You will have to simulate
the C calling sequence:

Stty andgtty. These system cails have been extensively altered, see ioctlil) and tty{4).

Archive files. The format of files produced by aril) has been altered. To convert to the new
style, use arcvil).

C language, lint. The official syntax for initialization requires an equai sign "■ before an initial-
izer, and brackets ! } around compound initial values; arrays and structures are now initialized
honestly. Two-address operators, such as ™ + and =-, are now written +— and -*■ to avoid
ambiguities, although the old style is still accepted. You will also certainly want to iearn about

casts (for type conversion)

unions {for more honest storage sharing)

#include <filename> (which searches in standard places)

The program Until) checks for obsolete syntax and does strong type checking of C programs,
singly or in groups that are expected to be loaded together. It is indispensable for conversion
work.

Fortran. The old fc is replaced by _/77, a true compiler for Fortran 77, compatible with C.
There are substantial changes in the language; see 'A Portable Fortran 77 Compiler' in Volume

Stream editor. The program sedil) is adapted to massive, repetitive editing jobs of the sort
encountered in converting to the new system. It is well worth learning.

Standard I/O. The old /open, getc, putc complex and the old —lp package are both dead, and
even getchar has changed. All have been replaced by the clean, highly efficient, stdioO) pack-
age. The first things to know are that getcharO) returns the integer EOF (—1), which is not a
possible byte value, on end of file, that 518-byte buffers are out, and that there is a defined
FILE data type.

Make. The program make(l) handles the recompilation and loading of software in an orderly
way from a 'makefile' recipe given for each piece of software. It remakes only as much as the
modification dates of the input files show is necessary. The makefiles will guide you in building
your new system.

Shell chdir. F. L. Bauer once said Algol 68 is the Everest that must be climbed by every com-
puter scientist because it is there. So it is with the shell for UNIX users. Everything beyond
simple command invocation from a terminal is different. Even chdir is now spelled cd. You
will want to study shil) long and hard.

Debugging. AdbiX) is a far more capable replacement for the debugger db. The first-time user
should be especially careful about distinguishing / and ? in adb commands, and watching to
make sure that the x whose value he asked for is the real x. and not just some absolute loca-
tion equai to the stack offset of some automatic x. You can always use the'true' name, _.y, to
pin down a C external variable.

Dsw. This little-known, but indispensable facility has been taken over by rm —h.

Boot procedures. Needless to say, these are all different. See section 3 of this volume, and
'Setting up UNIX' in Volume 2.

abort — generate IOT fault............... abort(3)

abs ~ integer absolute value.............. abs(3)

fabs, floor, ceil — absolute value, floor, ceiling functions......... door (3)

ac — login accounting.................. ac(l)

access — determine accessibility of file......... access(2)

phys — allow a process to access physical addresses ................ phys(2)

access —determine accessibility of file.................... access(2)

ac — login accounting........................ ac(l)

sa, accton — system accounting........................ sa(l)

acct — execution accounting file...................... acct(5)

actt — turn accounting on or off................... acct(2)

sa, accton — system accounting............... sa(l)

sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan. atan2 — trigonometric functions...... sin<3>

dn - DN-11 ACU interface...................... dn<4>

adb — debugger..................... adb(!)

phys — allow a process to access physical addresses......................... phys(2)

basename — strip filename affixes.......................... basename(l)

plot: openpl et ai. — graphics interface................. plot(3)

alarm — schedule signal after specified time...... alarm (2)

brk, sbrk, break — change core allocation......................... brk(2)

mailoc, free, realioc, calioc — main memory allocator......................... malloc(3)

lex — generator of lexical analysis programs.................... !ex(l)

bed, ppt — convert to antique media...................... bcd(6)

a.out — assembler and link editor output........ a.out{5)

ar — archive and library maintainer .......... ar<!)

ar — archive (library) file format............ ar(5)

be— arbitrary-precision arithmetic language......... bc(l)

tp — manipulate tape archive.......................... tp(l)

ar — archive and library maintainer.............. ar(l)

ar — archive (library) file format............... ar<5)

tar — tape archiver........................ . tar(l)

arcv — convert archives to new format................. arcv(l)

echo — echo arguments........................ echo(l)

expr — evaluate arguments as an expression............... exprO)

pow, gcd, rpow — multiple precision integer arithmetic......./msub, mult, mdiv, min, rnout, mp(3)

arithmetic — provide drill in number facts....... arithmetic(6)

be — arbitrary-precision arithmetic language................... bc(l)

as — assembler..................... as(l)

asctime, timezone — convert date and time to ASCI!.............ctime, localtime, gmtime, ctimeO)

ascii — map of ASCII character set........... ascii(7>

atof, atoi, atol — convert ASCII to numbers.................... atof(3)

ASCII ...........ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone — convert date and time to..... ctimeO)

functions.................sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 — trigonometric......... sin(3)

as — assembler ........................ as(l)

a.out — assembler and link editor output............ a.out (J)

assert — program verification.............. assert (3)

setbuf — assign buffering to a stream............... setbufO)

at — execute commands at a later time......... at(i)

sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 — trigonometric functions......... stn(3>

atof, atoi, atol — convert ASCII to numbers...... atof(3)

wait — await completion of process............... wait(l)

language........................ awk — pattern scanning and processing......... awk(l)

backgammon — the game................back gammon (6)

banner — make long posters.............. banner(6)

bas — basic ....................... bas(l)

store, delete, firstkey, nextkey — data base subroutines.............dbminit, fetch, dbm(3>

basename — strip filename affixes........... basename(l)

bas — basic........................... bas(l)

be — arbitrary-precision arithmetic language...... bc(l)

bed, ppt — convert to antique media.......... bed (6)

cb — C program beautifier.....................". . . . cb(l)

jO,jl, jn, yO, yl, yn — bessei functions..................... jOO)

fread, fwrite — bunkered binary input/output................... fread(3)

bj — the game of black jack............... bj(6)

sync — update the super block........................... sync(I)

sync — update super- block........................... sync(2>

update — periodically update the super block........................... update(8)

sum — sum and count blocks in a file...................... sum(l)

ching, fortune — the book of changes and other cookies........... ehing(6i

boot — startup procedures............... boot (8)

brk, sbrk, break — change core allocation............. brk(2>

export, login,/.........sh, for, case, if, while, break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit,.......... sh(l)

brk, sbrk, break — change core allocation....... brk(2)

fread, fwrite — buffered binary input/output.............. fread (3)

stdio — standard buffered input/output package ............. stdioO)

setbuf — assign buffering to a stream................... setbuf(3)

mknod — build special file..................... mknod(i)

!3toi, ltol3 — convert between 3- byte integers and long integers............. l3toi(3>

swab — swap bytes........................... swab(3)

cc, pec — C compiler........................ cefl)

cb — C program beautifier................... cb{!)

lint — a C program verifier.................... iint(l)

hypot, cabs — euclidean distance................ hypot(3)

eai — print calendar................... cal(l)

dc — desk calculator......................... dc( 1)

cal — print calendar......................... cai(l)

calendar — reminder service.............. calendar(J)

indir — indirect system call............................ indtr(2)

cu - call UNIX........................ eu<l)

mailoc, free, realloc, calloe — main memory allocator............ mai!oc(3)

intro, errno — introduction to system calls and error numbers................. intro<2)

exec, exit, export, login, newgrp,/......sh, for, case, if, while, break, continue, cd, eval......... sh(l)

cat — catenate and print................. cai(l)

cat — photo type setter interface............. cat(4)

signal — catch or ignore signals.................. signai(2)

cat — catenate and print.................... cat(l)

eb — C program beautifier............... cb(D

cc, pec — C compiler.................. cc(l)

cd — change working directory............. cd(!)



			- XV111 -

				nm — print name list.................. nm(l) node........................... ciri(I) nohup — run a command at low priority........ nice(l) non-local goto...................... setjmp(31 nroff — text formatting and typesetting ........ troff(l) nroffortrofT....................... tbl(l) nroff, trofT, tbl and eqn constructs........... derofT(l) null - data sink..................... nu!L(4) number facts....................... arithmetic (6) number, generate large primes............. factor (1) number generator.................... rand £3) numbers......................... atof (3) numbers...................intro, errno Intro(2) numbers......................... ncheck (1) object file......................... size(l) object library....................... lorder(l) octai dump........................ od(l) open — open for reading or writing........... open (2) open a stream...................... fopen(3) open file descriptor ................... dup(2) open for reading or writing............... open (2) openpl et al. — graphics interface............ plot(3) operations....../strncat, stremp, strnemp, strcpy, stringO) operator......................... join(l) options.......................... stty(l) ordering relation for an object library.......... lorder! 1) output.......................... a.out(5) output.......................... fread<3) output conversion.................... ecvt{3) output conversion.................... printf(3) output package...................... stdioO) owner and group of a file................ chown(2) owner or group..................... chown(l) ownership........................ quot(l) packet driver....................... pk(4> packet driver simulator................. pkopen(3> packet protocol...................... pkon(2) paginator for the Tektronix 4014............ tkO) passwd — change login password............ passwd (1) passwd — password file................. passwd(5) password......................... getpass (3) password......................... passwd(l) password file....................... passwd£5) password file entry ..............getpwent. getpwentO) pattern.......................... grep(l) pattern scanning and processing language........ awk(l) pause — stop until signal................ pause (2) pec — C compiler.................... cc(l) pciose — initiate I/O to/from a process......... popen (3) permit or deny messages................ mesg(I) permuted index..................... ptx(l) perror, sys_errlist, sys_nerr — system error...... perror(3) phone interface ..................... du(4) photo typesetter interface ................ cat (4) photypesetter simulator................. tc(l) phys — allow a process to access physical........ phys(2) pipe — create an interprocess channel ......... piped) pipe fitting........................ tee(l) pk — packet driver ................... pk(4) pkclose, pkread, pk write, pkfail — packet ....... pkopen{3) pkoff — establish packet protocol............ pkon (2) pkopen. pkclose, pkread, pk write, pkfail —....... pkopen (3) plot — graphics filters.................. plot(l) plot — graphics interface ................ plot<5) plot: openpl et ai. — graphics interface......... plotO) plotter.......................... vp(4) pointer.......................... lseek(2) popen. pciose — initiate I/O to/from a......... popen<3) posters.......................... banner(6) pow, gcd, rpow — multiple precision integer/..... mp<3) pow. sqrt — exponential, logarithm, power,...... exp(3) ppt — convert to antique media............. bcd(6)
		clri — clear i- nice, setjmp, longjmp — troff. tbl — format tables for deroff — remove arithmetic — provide drill in factor, primes — factor a rand, srand — random atof, atoi, atoi — convert ASCII to — introduction to system calls and error ncheck — generate names from i- size — size of an lorder — find ordering relation for an od - fopen, freopen, fdopen — dup, dup2 — duplicate an open — plot: strncpy, strlen, index, r index — string join — relational database stty — set terminal lorder — find a.out — assembler and link editor fread, fwrite — buffered binary input/ ecvi. fcvt, gcvt — printf, fprintf, sprintf — formatted stdio — standard buffered input/ chown — change chown, chgrp — change quot — summarize file system pk - pkopen, pkclose, pkread, pk write, pkfail — pkon, pkoff — establish tk -

getpass — read a passwd — change login passwd — getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent - get grep, egrep, fgrep ~ search a file for a awk — cc, popen, mesg — P"l - messages........................ du, dp - DU-11 201 daia- cat - tc - addresses........................ tee - driver simulator................pkopen, pkon, packet driver simulator................

	vp — Versatec printer- Iseek, tell — move read/write process ......................... banner — make long itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, square root..............exp, log, ioglO, bed,



INTRO (1)			INTRO (1)

	NAME intro — introduction to commands DESCRIPTION This section describes publicly accessible commands in alphabetic order. Certain distinctions of purpose are made in the headings: (1) Commands of general utility. (1C) Commands for communication with other systems. (1G) Commands used primarily for graphics and computer-aided design. (IM) Commands used primarily for system maintenance. The word 'local' at the foot of a page means that the command may not work on ail machines; 'PDPll' means the description is peculiar to UNIX systems on that family of machines. SEE ALSO Section (6) for computer games. How to get started, in the Introduction. DIAGNOSTICS Upon tennination each command returns two bytes of status, one supplied by the system giving the cause for termination, and (in the case of 'normal' termination) one supplied by the pro- gram, see wait and exit(2). The former byte is 0 for norma! termination, the latter is cus- tomarily 0 for successful execution, nonzero to indicate troubles such as erroneous parameters, bad or inaccessible data, or other inability to cope with the task at hand. It is called variously 'exit code', 'exit status' or 'return code', and is described only where special conventions are involved.

		7 th Edition		1
		7 th Edition



	AC(1M)		AC(1M)
			AC(1M)

NAME ac — login accounting SYNOPSIS ac I —w wtmp ] { — p J [ — d ] [ people 3 ... DESCRIPTION Ac produces a printout giving connect time for each user who has logged in during the life of the current wimp file. A total is also produced. —w is used to specify an alternate wtmp file. —p prints individual totals; without this option, only totals are printed. —d causes a printout for each midnight to midnight period. Any people will limit the printout to only the specified login names. If no wtmp file is given, /usr/adm/wtmp is used. The accounting file /usr/adm/wtmp is maintained by init and login. Neither of these programs creates the file, so if it does not exist no connecMime accounting is done. To start accounting, it should be created with length 0. On the other hand if the file is left undisturbed it will grow without bound, so periodically any information desired should be collected and the file truncated. FILES /usr/adm/wtmp SEE ALSO init(8), login(l), utmp(5).

		7th Edition
		7th Edition		1
				1



ADB{1)			ADB(1)

	NAME adb - debugger SYNOPSIS adb [-w] [ objfil [corfii ] ] DESCRIPTION Adb is a general purpose debugging program. It may be used to examine files and to provide a controlled environment for the execution of UNIX programs. Objfil is normally an executable program file, preferably containing a symbol table; if not then the symbolic features of adb cannot be used although the file can still be examined. The default for objfil is a.out. Corfii is assumed to be a core image file produced after executing objfil; the default for corfii is core. Requests to adb are read from the standard input and responses are to the standard output. If the — w flag is present then both objfil and corfii are created if necessary and opened for reading and writing so that files can be modified using adb. Adb ignores QUIT; INTERRUPT causes return to the next adb command. In general requests to adb are of the form [address] [, count] [command] [;] If address is present then dot is set to address. Initially dot is set to 0. For most commands count specifies how many times the command will be executed. The default count is I. Address and count are expressions. The interpretation of an address depends on the context it is used in. If a subprocess is being debugged then addresses are interpreted in the usual way in the address space of the subpro- cess. For further details of address mapping see ADDRESSES. EXPRESSIONS The value of dot. + The value of dot incremented by the current increment. The value of dot decremented by the current increment. The last address typed. integer An octal number if integer begins with a 0; a hexadecimal number if preceded by #; otherwise a decimal number. integer .fraction A 32 bit floating point number. 'cccc' The ASCII value of up to 4 characters. \ may be used to escape a '. < name The value of name, which is either a variable name or a register name. Adb maintains a number of variables (see VARIABLES) named by single letters or digits. If name is a register name then the value of the register is obtained from the system header in corfii. The register names are r0 ... r5 sp pc ps. symbol A symbol is a sequence of upper or iower case ietters, underscores or digits, not starting with a digit. The value of the symbol is taken from the symbol table in objfil. An ini- tial _ or ~ will be prepended to symbol if needed. _ symbol In C, the 'true name' of an externa! symbol begins with _. It may be necessary to utter this name to disinguish it from internal or hidden variables of a program. routine.name

		7th Edition
		7th Edition		1
				1



ADB(I)
ADB(I)			ADB(l)
			ADB(l)

	The address of the variable name in the specified C routine. Both routine and name are symbols. If name is omitted the value is the address of the most recently activated C stack frame corresponding to routine. (exp) The value of the expression exp. Monadic operators •exp The contents of the location addressed by exp in corfil. @exp The contents of the location addressed by exp in objfil. —exp Integer negation. "exp Bitwise complement. Dyadic operators are left associative and are less binding than monadic operators. el+e2 Integer addition. el — e2 Integer subtraction. ele2* Integer multiplication. el%e2 Integer division. eJ&e2 Bitwise conjunction. el\e2 Bitwise disjunction. el#e2 El rounded up to the next multiple of e2. COMMANDS Most commands consist of a verb followed by a modifier or list of modifiers. The following verbs are available. (The commands '?' and V may be followed by •; see ADDRESSES for further details.) ?/ Locations starting at address in objfii are printed according to the format / // Locations starting at address in corfil axe printed according to the format/ =/ The value of address itself is printed in the styles indicated by the format/. (For i for- mat '?* is printed for the parts of the instruction that reference subsequent words.) A format consists of one or more characters that specify a style of printing. Each format charac- ter may be preceded by a decimal integer that is a repeat count for the format character. While stepping through a format dot is incremented temporarily by the amount given for each format letter. If no format is given then the last format is used. The format letters available are as follows. o 2 Print 2 bytes in octal. All octal numbers output by adb are preceded by 0. O 4 Print 4 bytes in octal. q 2 Print in signed octal. Q 4 Print long signed octal. d 2 Print in decimal. D 4 Print long decimal. x 2 Print 2 bytes in hexadecimal. X 4 Print 4 bytes in hexadecimal. u 2 Print as an unsigned decimal number. U 4 Print long unsigned decimal. f 4 Print the 32 bit value as a floating point number. F 8 Print double floating point. b 1 Print the addressed byte in octal. c I Print the addressed character. C I Print the addressed character using the following escape convention. Character

		7th Edition
		7th Edition		2



		Information in this document is subject to change without notice and docs not represent a commitment on the part of Microsoft. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with die terms of the agreement.

		©1979, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Reprinted with permission. Copyright 1979", Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated. Holders of a UNIX'" software license arc permitted to copy this document, or any portion of. it, as necessary for licensed use of the software, provided this copyrighentfcice and. statimfint.' of permission arc included.

			8601-100-01



			- Ill -

		made to single out peculiarly maintenance-flavored commands by marking them 1M. Each section consists of a number of independent entries of a page or so each. The name of the entry is in the upper comers of its pages, together with the section number, and sometimes a letter characteristic of a subcategory, e.g. graphics is 1G, and the math library is 3M. Entries within each section are alphabetized The page numbers of each entry start at 1; it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of a document like this that is republished in many variant forms. All entries are based on a common format, not all of whose subsections will always appear. The name subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines covered under the entry and gives a very short description of their purpose. The synopsis summarizes the use of the program being described. A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection: Boldface words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear. Square brackets [ 1 around an argument indicate that the argument is optional. When an argument is given as 'name', it always refers to a file name. Ellipses '...' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype may be repeated. A final convention is used by the commands themselves. An argument beginning with a minus sign ' —' is often taken to mean some sort of option-specifying argu- ment even if it appears in a position where a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose names begin with ' —'. The description subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand. The files subsection gives the names of riles which are built into the program^ A see also subsection gives pointers to related information. ... - _r A diagnostics subsection discusses the diagnostic indications which may. be produced. Messages which are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed. The bugs subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies. Occasionally also the suggested fix is described. ' In section 2 an assembler subsection carries the assembly..language system interface. At the beginning of the volume is a table of contents, organized by section and- alphabetically within each section. There is also a permuted index derived from the table of contents. Within each index'entry, the tide of the writeup to which it refers is followed by the appropriate sec- tion number in parentheses. This fact is important because there is considerable¹,name duplica- tion among the sections, arising principally from commands which exist only ta exercise.a par- ticular system call. _ HOW TO GET STARTED ,.. _SI This section sketches the basic information you need to get started on .ie ,1>.6 ,UN1X : how to log in and log out, how to communicate: through your .terminal; ami how to rum a, program. See 'UNIX for Beginners' in Volume 2 fopa more complete irltroducuon to the -system._; ^ Logging in. You must call'UNIX from an appropriates terminal.' UNIX terminals are typified by the TTY 43, the GE Terminet 300, the DAST300S and 450,-arid most video;.terminals>such as the' Batamedia 5120 or HP 2640. You must also have a valid user name,, which may'be obtained, togetherwith the telephone number, from, thesystem administrators..-.Thersame tele- phone ntimoer serves terminals operating at all the standard speeds. :After a data connection is established, me login procedure depends on what kind of terminal you are using.; " ■<. 300-baud terminals:- Such terminals include the GE Terminet 300 and most display -terminals run with popular modems. These terminals generally nave a speed switch which.shouid.be set at '300¹ (of/30'-for 30 characters pefsecohdi and ^haff/full duplex switch which should be set



	- IV -

at full-duplex. (This switch will often have to be changed since many other systems require half-duplex). When a connection is established, the system types 'login:'; you type your user name, followed by the 'return' key. If you have a password, the system asks for it and turns off the printer on the terminal so the password wiil not appear. After you have logged in, the 'return', 'new line', or 'linefeed' keys wiil give exactly the same results. 1200- and 150-baud terminals: If there is a half/full duplex switch, set it at full-duplex. When you have established a data connection, the system types out a few garbage characters (the 'login:' message at the wrong speed). Depress the 'break' (or 'interrupt') key; this is a speed- independent signal to UNIX that a different speed terminal is in use. The system then wiil type 'login:,' this time at another speed. Continue depressing the break key until 'login:' appears in clear, then respond with your user name. From the TTY 37 terminal, and any other which has the 'newline* function (combined carriage return and linefeed), terminate each line you type with the 'new line' key, otherwise use the 'return' key. Hard'Wired terminals. Hard-wired terminals usually begin at the right speed, up to 9600 baud; otherwise the preceding instructions apply. For all these terminals, it is important that you type your name in lower-case if possible; if you type upper-case letters, UNIX will assume that your terminal cannot generate lower-case letters and will translate all subsequent upper-case letters to lower case. The evidence that you have successfully logged in is that the Shell program will type a '$' to you. (The Shell is described below under 'How to run a program.') For more information, consult jrn'(l), which teiis how to adjust terminal behavior, gettyiB), which discusses the login sequence in more detail, and try(4). which discusses terminal I/O. Logging oul There are three ways to log out: You can simply hang up the phone. You can log out by typing an end-of-file indication (EOT character, control-d) to the Shell. The Shell will terminate and the 'login: ' message will appear again. You can also log in directly as another user by giving a login(l) command. How to communicate through your terminal When you type characters, a gnome deep in the sys- tem gathers^our characters and saves them in a secret place. The characters wiil not be given to a program until you type a return (or newline), as described above in Logging in. UNIX terminal I/O is full-duplex. It has full read-ahead, which means that you can type at any time,' even while a program is typing at you. Of course, if you type during output, the printed output will have the input characters interspersed. However, whatever you type will be saved up and interpreted in correct sequence. There is a limit to the amount of read-ahead, but it .is generous and nm likely to be exceeded unless the system is in trouble. When the read-ahead limit is exceeded, the system throws away all the saved characters. The character '@' in typed input kills all the preceding characters in the line, so typing mistakes can be repaired on a single line. Also, the character '#' erases the last character typed. Succes- sive uses of '#* erase characters back to, but not beyond, the beginning of the line. '@* and #' can be transmitted,to a program.by preceding them with 'V. (So, to erase 'V, you need two #'s). These conventions can be..changed by the sayil) command. The 'break' of ^interrupt' key-causes ah interrupt signal, as does the The ASCII 'delete' (or 'nibout') character, which is not passed to programs. This signal generally causes whatever program.you are running to terminate. It is typically used to stop a long printout that you don't want. However, programs can arrange either to ignore this signal altogether, or to be notified when it happens (instead of being terminated). The editor, for example, catches interrupts and stops what it is doing, instead of terminating, so that an interrupt can be used tohalt an editor printout without losing the file being edited. The quit signal is generated-by typing the ascihFS character. (FS appears-many places, on different, terminals, most commonly SicOntrol-\ or control-j.) It not.only causes a running

		....jffiwai..



		- V -

program to terminate but also generates a file with the core image of the terminated process. Quit is useful for debugging. Besides adapting to the speed of the terminal, UNIX tries to be intelligent about whether you have a terminal with the newline function or whether it must be simulated with carriage-return and line-feed. In the latter case, all input carriage returns are turned to newline characters (the standard line delimiter) and both a carriage return and a line feed are echoed to the terminal. If you get into the wrong mode, the stty(l) command will rescue you. Tab characters are used freeiy in UNIX source programs. If your terminal does not have the tab function, you can arrange to have them turned into spaces during output, and echoed as spaces during input. The system assumes that tabs are set every eight columns. Again, the stry(\) command will set or reset this mode. Also, the command tabs(l) will set the tab stops automatically on many terminals. How to run a program; the SheiL When you have successfully logged in, a program called the Shell is listening to your terminal. The Shell reads typed-in lines, splits them up into a com- mand name and arguments, and executes the command. A command is simply an executable program. The Shell looks first in your current directory (see below) for a program with the given name, and if none is there, then in a system directory. There is nothing special about system-provided commands except that they are kept in a directory where the Shell can find them. The command name is always the first word on an input line; it and its arguments are separated from one another by spaces. When a program terminates, the Shell will ordinarily regain control and type a '$' at you to indicate that it is ready for another command. The Shell has many other capabilities, which are described in detail in section sh(l). The current directory. UNIX has a file system arranged in a hierarchy of directories. :When the. system administrator gave you a user name, he also created a directory for you.,.(.ordinarily with the same name as your user name). When you log in, any file name you type is by .default in this directory. Since you are the owner of this directory, you have full permission to read, write, alter, or destroy its contents. Permissions to have your wuT With other directories and files will have been granted or denied to you by their owners. As a matter of observed fact, few UNIX users protect their files from destruction, let alone perusal, by other users.. To change the current directory (but not the set of permissions you were endowed with at login) use cd(\). Path names. To refer to files not in the current directory, you must use a path name. Full path names begin with V, the name of the root directory of the whole file system. After the slash comes the name of each directory containing the next sub-directory (followed by a V) until finally the file name is reached. For example, /usr/lemjfikx refers to^the file filex in the directory lem; !em is itself a subdirectory of usr; usr springs directly-from the root directory. If your current directory has subdirectories, the path names of files therein befgin with the name of the subdirectory with no prefixed V. A path name may be used anywhere a file name is required. Important commands which modify the contents of files are cp(l), my(.l), and /w(l), which respectively copy, move (i.e. rename) and remove files. To find out the'status of files or direc- tories, use /j(l). See mkdir(l) for making directories and rmdir (in rm(\))tfoT destroying them. For a fuller discussion of the file system, see The UNIX Time-Sharing System,' by Ken_;Thomp- son and Dennis Ritchie. It may also be useful to glance through section 2 of.thisgjanual, which discusses system calls, even if you don't intend to deal with the system at that levei. Writing a program. To enter the text of a source program into a UNIX file, use the editor ed(\). The three principal languages in UNIX are provided by the C compiler cc(l), the Fortran

	..._rV^«A?Wft^flBH



			- VI -

		compiler /77(1), and the assembler asil). After the program text has been entered through the editor and written on a file, you can give the file to the appropriate language processor as an argument. The output of the language processor will be left on a file in the current directory named 'a.out'. (If the output is precious, use mv to move it to a less exposed name soon.) If you wrote in assembly language, you will probably need to load the program with library sub- routines; see ld(l). The other two language processors call the loader automatically. When you have finally gone through this entire process without provoking any diagnostics, the resulting program can be run by giving its name to the Shell in response to the '$' prompt. Your programs can receive arguments from the command line just as system programs do, see exec{2). Text processing. Almost all text is entered through the editor ed{\). The commands most often used to write text on a terminal are: cat, pr, ro#and nroff, all in section 1. The cat command simply dumps asch text on the terminal, with no processing at all. The pr command paginates the text, supplies headings, and has a facility for multi-column output. Nroff is an elaborate text formatting program. Used naked, it requires careful forethought, but for ordinary documents it has been tamed; see msO). Roff is a simpler text formatting pro- gram, and requires somewhat less forethought. Troff prepares documents for a Graphics Systems photo typesetter; it is very similar to nroff, and often works from exactly the same source text. It was used to produce this manual. Status inquiries. Various commands exist to provide you with useful information. WhoiX) prints a list of users presently logged in. Daie(l) prints the current time and date. Ls(l) will list the files in your directory or give summary information about particular files. Surprises. Certain commands provide inter-user communication. Even if you do not plan to use them, it would be well to learn something about them, because someone else may aim them at you. To communicate with another user currently iogged in, writeti) is used; maitiX) will .leave a message whose presence will be announced to another user when he next logs in. the write- ups in the manual also suggest how to respond to the two commands if you are a target. When you log in, a message-of-the-day may greet you before the first '$'. CONVERTING FROM THE 6TH EDITION There follows a catalogue of significant, mostly incompatible, changes that will affect old users converting to the 7th edition. Addressing files. Byte addresses in files are now long (32-bit) integers. Accordingly seek has been replaced by lseek(2). Every program that contains a seek must be modified. Stat and fstat(2) have been affected similarly, since file lengths are now 32- rather than 24-bit quantities. Assembly language. System entry points are no longer built in symbols. Their values must be obtained from lusrl'mcludelsys.s, see intro(2). All system calls modify rO. This means that sequences like mov file,rO sys lseek,0,0,2 sys write,buf,n... will no longer work- (In fact, Iseek now modifies rl as well, so be doubly cautious.) The sleep(2) entry point is gone; see the more general facility, alarm, plus pause. Few library functions have assembly language entry points any more. You will have to simulate the C calling sequence:



			- vti -

		Stty andgtty. These system cails have been extensively altered, see ioctlil) and tty{4). Archive files. The format of files produced by aril) has been altered. To convert to the new style, use arcvil). C language, lint. The official syntax for initialization requires an equai sign "■ before an initial- izer, and brackets ! } around compound initial values; arrays and structures are now initialized honestly. Two-address operators, such as ™ + and =-, are now written +— and -■ to avoid ambiguities, although the old style is still accepted. You will also certainly want to iearn about long integers type definitions casts (for type conversion) unions {for more honest storage sharing) #include <filename> (which searches in standard places) The program Until)* checks for obsolete syntax and does strong type checking of C programs, singly or in groups that are expected to be loaded together. It is indispensable for conversion work. Fortran. The old fc is replaced by _/77, a true compiler for Fortran 77, compatible with C. There are substantial changes in the language; see 'A Portable Fortran 77 Compiler' in Volume 2. Stream editor. The program sedil) is adapted to massive, repetitive editing jobs of the sort encountered in converting to the new system. It is well worth learning. Standard I/O. The old /open, getc, putc complex and the old —lp package are both dead, and even getchar has changed. All have been replaced by the clean, highly efficient, stdioO) pack- age. The first things to know are that getcharO) returns the integer EOF (—1), which is not a possible byte value, on end of file, that 518-byte buffers are out, and that there is a defined FILE data type. Make. The program make(l) handles the recompilation and loading of software in an orderly way from a 'makefile' recipe given for each piece of software. It remakes only as much as the modification dates of the input files show is necessary. The makefiles will guide you in building your new system. Shell chdir. F. L. Bauer once said Algol 68 is the Everest that must be climbed by every com- puter scientist because it is there. So it is with the shell for UNIX users. Everything beyond simple command invocation from a terminal is different. Even chdir is now spelled cd. You will want to study shil) long and hard. Debugging. AdbiX) is a far more capable replacement for the debugger db. The first-time user should be especially careful about distinguishing / and ? in adb commands, and watching to make sure that the x whose value he asked for is the real x. and not just some absolute loca- tion equai to the stack offset of some automatic x. You can always use the'true' name, _.y, to pin down a C external variable. Dsw. This little-known, but indispensable facility has been taken over by rm —h. Boot procedures. Needless to say, these are all different. See section 3 of this volume, and 'Setting up UNIX' in Volume 2.



			PERMUTED INDEX

		abort — generate IOT fault............... abort(3) abs ~ integer absolute value.............. abs(3) fabs, floor, ceil — absolute value, floor, ceiling functions......... door (3) ac — login accounting.................. ac(l) access — determine accessibility of file......... access(2) phys — allow a process to access physical addresses ................ phys(2) access —determine accessibility of file.................... access(2) ac — login accounting........................ ac(l) sa, accton — system accounting........................ sa(l) acct — execution accounting file...................... acct(5) actt — turn accounting on or off................... acct(2) sa, accton — system accounting............... sa(l) sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan. atan2 — trigonometric functions...... sin<3> dn - DN-11 ACU interface...................... dn<4> adb — debugger..................... adb(!) phys — allow a process to access physical addresses......................... phys(2) basename — strip filename affixes.......................... basename(l) plot: openpl et ai. — graphics interface................. plot(3) alarm — schedule signal after specified time...... alarm (2) brk, sbrk, break — change core allocation......................... brk(2) mailoc, free, realioc, calioc — main memory allocator......................... malloc(3) lex — generator of lexical analysis programs.................... !ex(l) bed, ppt — convert to antique media...................... bcd(6) a.out — assembler and link editor output........ a.out{5) ar — archive and library maintainer .......... ar<!) ar — archive (library) file format............ ar(5) be— arbitrary-precision arithmetic language......... bc(l) tp — manipulate tape archive.......................... tp(l) ar — archive and library maintainer.............. ar(l) ar — archive (library) file format............... ar<5) tar — tape archiver........................ . tar(l) arcv — convert archives to new format................. arcv(l) echo — echo arguments........................ echo(l) expr — evaluate arguments as an expression............... exprO) pow, gcd, rpow — multiple precision integer arithmetic......./msub, mult, mdiv, min, rnout, mp(3) arithmetic — provide drill in number facts....... arithmetic(6) be — arbitrary-precision arithmetic language................... bc(l) as — assembler..................... as(l) asctime, timezone — convert date and time to ASCI!.............ctime, localtime, gmtime, ctimeO) ascii — map of ASCII character set........... ascii(7> atof, atoi, atol — convert ASCII to numbers.................... atof(3) ASCII ...........ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone — convert date and time to..... ctimeO) functions.................sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 — trigonometric......... sin(3) as — assembler ........................ as(l) a.out — assembler and link editor output............ a.out (J) assert — program verification.............. assert (3) setbuf — assign buffering to a stream............... setbufO) at — execute commands at a later time......... at(i) sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 — trigonometric functions......... stn(3> atof, atoi, atol — convert ASCII to numbers...... atof(3) wait — await completion of process............... wait(l) language........................ awk — pattern scanning and processing......... awk(l) backgammon — the game................back gammon (6) banner — make long posters.............. banner(6) bas — basic ....................... bas(l) store, delete, firstkey, nextkey — data base subroutines.............dbminit, fetch, dbm(3> basename — strip filename affixes........... basename(l) bas — basic........................... bas(l) be — arbitrary-precision arithmetic language...... bc(l) bed, ppt — convert to antique media.......... bed (6) cb — C program beautifier.....................". . . . cb(l)



			- IX -

		jO,jl, jn, yO, yl, yn — bessei functions..................... jOO) fread, fwrite — bunkered binary input/output................... fread(3) bj — the game of black jack............... bj(6) sync — update the super block........................... sync(I) sync — update super- block........................... sync(2> update — periodically update the super block........................... update(8) sum — sum and count blocks in a file...................... sum(l) ching, fortune — the book of changes and other cookies........... ehing(6i boot — startup procedures............... boot (8) brk, sbrk, break — change core allocation............. brk(2> export, login,/.........sh, for, case, if, while, break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit,.......... sh(l) brk, sbrk, break — change core allocation....... brk(2) fread, fwrite — buffered binary input/output.............. fread (3) stdio — standard buffered input/output package ............. stdioO) setbuf — assign buffering to a stream................... setbuf(3) mknod — build special file..................... mknod(i) !3toi, ltol3 — convert between 3- byte integers and long integers............. l3toi(3> swab — swap bytes........................... swab(3) cc, pec — C compiler........................ cefl) cb — C program beautifier................... cb{!) lint — a C program verifier.................... iint(l) hypot, cabs — euclidean distance................ hypot(3) eai — print calendar................... cal(l) dc — desk calculator......................... dc( 1) cal — print calendar......................... cai(l) calendar — reminder service.............. calendar(J) indir — indirect system call............................ indtr(2) cu - call UNIX........................ eu<l) mailoc, free, realloc, calloe — main memory allocator............ mai!oc(3) intro, errno — introduction to system calls and error numbers................. intro<2) exec, exit, export, login, newgrp,/......sh, for, case, if, while, break, continue, cd, eval......... sh(l) cat — catenate and print................. cai(l) cat — photo type setter interface............. cat(4) signal — catch or ignore signals.................. signai(2) cat — catenate and print.................... cat(l) eb — C program beautifier............... cb(D cc, pec — C compiler.................. cc(l) cd — change working directory............. cd(!) sh, for, case, if, while, break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp,/...... sh(1> functions..................fabs, floor, ceil — absolute value, floor, ceiling........... floor (3) brk, sbrk, break — change core allocation.................. brk (2) chdir — change default directory................. chdir<2) passwd — change login password.................. passwd(l) chmod — change mode....................... chmod(l) chmod — change mode of file................... ehmod(2) chown — change owner and group of a file............ chown(2) chown, ehgrp — change owner or group................. chownO) cd — change working directory................ cd(!> ching, fortune — the book of changes and other cookies................ ching(6) pipe — create an interprocess channel.......................... pipe{2) ungetc — push character back into input stream ............ ungetc(J) ispunct, isprint, iscntrl. isascii — character classification......../isalnum, isspace, ctype(3) eqnehar — special character definitions for eqn ............... eqnchar(T) getc, getchar, fgetc, getw — get character or word from stream............. getc(3) putc, pucellar, fputc, put* — put character or word on a stream ........... putc(3) ascii — map of ASCII character set....................... ascii(7) tr — translate characters ........................ tr(l) chdir — change default directory............ chdir(2) dcheck — file system directory consistency check........................... dcheck(l) icheck — file system storage consistency check........................... icheck(l) eqn, neqn, checkeq — typeset mathematics............. eqnU) checkers — game.................... checkersW chess — the game of chess........................... chess(6> chown, chgrp — change owner or group ............ chown(l) Other cookies ..................... ching, fortune — the book of changes and ....... ching (6) chmod — change mode................. chmod 0) chmod — change mode of file ............. chmod (2) chown — change owner and group of a file....... chown (2) cho*n, chgrp — change owner or group........ chown(l) isprint, iscntri, isascii —character classification........./isalnum, isspace, ispunct, ctype<3) clri — clear i-node ....................... clri(i) feof, ferror, dearerr. fileno "-.stream status inquiries........ ferror(3)



			- X -

		cron — clock daemon ...................... cron(8) dose — close a file ................... close<2> fclose. Alush — close or flush a stream.................. fclose (3) clri — clear i-node.................... clri(l) cmp — compare two files................ cmpG) col — filter reverse line feeds.............. coi(I) sotted files....................... comm — select or reject lines common to two..... commO) system — issue a shell command ........................ system(3) test — condition command ........................ testO) time — time a command ........................ time(l) nice, nohup — fun a command a! low priority ................ nice(l) uux — unix to unix command execution................... uux(l) set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait — command language....../newgrp, read, readonly, shU) intro — introduction to commands........................ introU) at — execute commands at a later time................ at(l) comm — select or reject lines common to two sorted files............... comm(l) din* — differential file comparator........................ diff(l) cmp - compare two files.................... cmp(I) dirT3 — 3-way differential file comparison........................ diff3(I) cc, pec — C compiler......................... cc<!) m - Fortran 77 compiler......................... f77(I) yacc — yet another compiler- compiler......................... yacc(I) wait — await completion of process.................. waitUi test — condition command................... tesi(l) mkconf — generate configuration tables................... mkconf(l) deheck — file system directory consistency check.................... dcheck(l) icheck — file system storage consistency check.................... icheck(l) mkfs — construct a file system.................. mkfsU) deroff — remove nroft, troft, tbl and eqn constructs........................ derorTU) Is — list contents of directory................... Is(l) login,/.........sh, for, case, if, while, break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export.......... shO) ioctl, stty, gtty — control device...................... ioct!(2) init, re — process control initialization................... init(8) terminals— conventional names................... term(7> ecvt, fcv(, gcvt — output conversion........................ ecvt{3) printf, fprintf, sprintf — formatted output conversion........................ printf(3) scanf, fscanf, sscanf — formatted input conversion........................ scanfO) units — conversion program................... unitsU) dd — convert and copy a file.................. dd(!) arcv — convert archives to new format ■............. arcv(l) atof. atoi, atol — convert ASCII to numbers............... atof(3) integers.................13tol, !toi3 — convert between 3-byte integers and long ....... l3toi(3) localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone — convert date and time to ASCII.........ctime, ctime(3) bed, ppt - convert to antique media................ bed (6) fortune — the book of changes and other cookies.......................china ching(6) cp - copy........................... cp(l) uucp, uulog — unix to unix copy........................... uucp(l) dd — convert and copy a file........................ dd(l) core — format of core image file............ core{5) brk, sbrk, break — change core allocation...................... brk(2) core — format of core image file...................... core(5) mem, kmem — core memory....................... mem(4) trigonometric functions..............sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, alan, atan2 — ........... sin{3) sinh, cosh, tanh — hyperbolic functions........... sinh(3) wc — word count........................... wc(I) sum — sum and count blocks in a file................... sum(I) cp - copy........................ cp(l) crash — what to do when the system crashes ..... crash(8) creat — create a new file ................ creat(2) pipe — create an interprocess channel.............. pipe(2) umask — set file creation mode mask................... umask (2) cron — clock daemon.................. cron(8) crypt — encode/decode................. crypt(l) crypt, setkey. encrypt — DES encryption........ crypt{3) — convert date and time to ASCII.......... ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone...... ctime (3) cu - call UNIX..................... cu(l) ttt, cubic — tic-lac-toe.................... ttt(6> spline — interpolate smooth curve........................... spline(l) cron - clock daemon ......................... cron(8) prof — display profile data............................ profO) ttys — terminal initialization data............................ ttys(5) fetch, store, delete, first key, nextkey — data base subroutines..............dbminit, dbm{3)



			- XI -

		nul! — data sink......_s.................. nuli(4) types — primitive system data types ........................ types(5) join — relational database operator.................... join(l) du, dp — DU-11 201 data-phone interface................... du(4) date — print and set the date ........................... dated) time, ftime — get date and time ...................... time(2) gmtime, asctime, timezone — convert date and time to ASCII........ctime, localtime, cttmeO) touch — update dale last modified of a file................ louch(I) nextkey — data base subroutines........... dbminit, fetch, store, delete, first key,.......... dbm(3) dc — desk calculator................... dc(I) check.......................... dcheck — file system directory consistency....... dcheck(I) dd — convert and copy a file.............. ddO) dump, ddate — incremental dump format........... dump(5} adb — debugger......................... adb(1) tp — DEC/mag tape formats................. tp(5) crypt — encode/ decode.......................... crypt(l) tc - TC-U/TU56 DECtape......................... te(4> chdir — change default directory..................... chdir(2) eqnchar — special character definitions for eqn.................... eqneharf?) subroutines...........dbmtnit, fetch, store, deiete, first key, nextkey — data base.......... dbm (3) tail — deliver the last pan of a file............... tail(I) mesg — permit or deny messages...................... mesgO) constructs....................... derofl* — remove nroff, trofl", tbt and eqn ....... deroff(l) crypt, setkey, encrypt — DES encryption..................... cryptO) dup, dup2 — duplicate an open file descriptor ........................ dup(2) dc — desk calculator...................... dc(l) access — determine accessibility of file.............. access (2) file — determine file type.................... file(l) iocil, stty, gtty — control device.......................... ioctl(2) df - disk free...................... df(l) diif — differential file comparator............ diffU) difD — 3-way differential file comparison ....... difD(l) diff — differential file comparator ............... dirTO) difT3 — 3-way differentia! file comparison ............... dirT3(l) dir — format of directories............... dir(5) mv — move or rename files and directories....................... rav(l) cd — change working directory......................... cd(l> chdir — change default directory......................... chdir(2) Is — list contents of directory......................... IsO) mkdir — make a directory......................... mkdirO) dcheck — file system directory consistency check............... dcheck(l) unlink — remove directory entry...................... unlink(2) pwd — working directory name...................... pwdG) mknod — make a directory or a special file................. mknod(2) hp - RH-11/RP04. RP05, RP06 moving-head disk............................ hp<4> rk - RK-11/RK03 or RK05 disk............................ rk<4) rp - RP-11/RP03 moving-head disk............................ rp(4) hs - RHil/RS03-R504 fixed-head disk file.......................... hs(4) rf - RFH/RS11 fixed-head disk file.......................... rf(4) df- disk free......................... dffl) du — summarize disk usage........................ dutl) mount, umount — mount and dismount file system................... mount(i) prof — display profile data.................... proftl) hypot, cabs — eucfidean distance ......................... hypot(3) dn - DN-1! ACU interface .............. dn<4> — find and insert literature references in documents ................refer, lookbib refer(l) du, dp - DU-11 201 data-phone interface......... du{4) reversi — a game of dramatic reversals.................... reversi(6) graph — draw a graph....................... graph(I) arithmetic — provide drill in number facts................ arithmetic^) pk — packet driver....................... pk(4) pkclose. pkread, pk write, pkfaii — packet driver simulator.................pkopen, pkopen(3) du — summarize disk usage............... dutl) du, dp - DU-11 20! data-phone interface....... du(4) dump — incremental file system dump........................... dump(l) od — octal dump........................... od(I) dump ^— incremental file system dump......... dump(l) dump, ddate — incremental dump format....... dump(S) dumpdir — print the names of files on a dump tape........................ dumpdirU) descriptor....................... dup, dup2 — duplicate an open file........... dup(2) echo — echo arguments................. echo(l) ecvt, fevt, gcvt — output conversion.......... ecvt(3)




					XENIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL			VOL.1



			- Xlll -

		dd - convert and copy a file............................ dd(l) execvp, exec, exece, environ — execute a file ........execi, execv, execle, execve, execlp, exec(2) group — group file............................ group<5) hs - RHll/RS03-RS04fixed-headdisk file............................ hs(4) link - link to a file............................ link(2) mknod — build special file............................ mknod(l) mknod — make a directory or a special file............................ mknod (2) passwd — password file............................ passwd(5) pr — print file............................ prO) read — read from file............................ read(2) rev — reverse lines of a file............................ rev(0 rf- RFU/RS11 fixed-head disk file............................ rf<4> size — size of an object file............................ sized) sum — sum and count blocks in a file............................ sum(l) tail — deliver the last part of a file............................ tail(l) touch — update date last modified of a file............................ touch0) uniq — report repeated lines in a file............................ uniq(l) write — write on a file............................ write(2) file — determine file type................ filed) diff — differential file comparator...................... diff(l) difF3 — 3-way differential file comparison...................... difF3(l) umask — set file creation mode mask................. umask(2) dup, dup2 — duplicate an open file descriptor ...................... dup(2) getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent — get group file entry...............getgrent, getgrgid, getgrent(3) getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent — get password file entry..............getpwent, getpwuid, getpwentO) grep, egrep. fgrep — search a file for a pattern..................... grep(I) ar — archive (library) file format........................ ar(5) split — split a file into pieces...................... split(l) mktemp — make a unique file name......................... mktempO) stat, fstat — get file status¹......................... stat(2) mkfs — construct a file system........................ mkfs(l) mount, umount — mount and dismount file system........................ mount(l) mount, umount — mount or remove file system........................ mount(2) dcheck — file system directory consistency check......... dcheck(l) dump — incremental file system dump..................... dump(l) hier — file system hierarchy................... hier(7) quot — summarize file system ownership.................. quol(l) restor — incremental file system restore.................... restor(l) icheck — file system storage consistency check.......... icheck(l) mtab — mounted file system table..................... mtab<5) filsys, flblk, ino — format of file system volume.................... filsys<5) utime — set file times......................... ucime(2) file — determine file type ......................... fiie(l) basename — stnj)_ filename affixes..................... basename(l) feof. Terror, clearerr, fileno — stream status inquiries............. ferror(3) cmp — compare two files............................ cmp(l) select or reject lines common to two sorted files.......................comm — comm(l) find - find files............................ find<0 rm, rmdir — remove (unlink) fiies............................ rm(l) sort — sort or merge files............................ son(I) mv — move or rename files and directories................... mv(l) dumpdir — print the names of files on a dump tape................... dumpdir(l) volume......................... filsys, flblk, ino — formal of file system........ filsys(5) col — filter reverse line feeds................. col(l) plot - graphics filters........................... piot(l) find - find files..................... find(l) documents..............refer, lookbib — find and insert literature references in......... refer(l) find - find files......................... find(l) look — find lines in a sorted list................. !ook(I) ttyname, isatty, ttyslot — find name of a terminal................. tiyname(3) lorder — find ordering relation for an object library....... lorded 1) spell, spellin, speliout — find spelling errors.................... spell(l) dbminit, fetch, store, delete, firstkey, nextkey — data base subroutines....... dbm{3) hs - RHH/RS03-RS04 fixed-head disk file.................... hs(4) rf - RF11/RS11 fixed-head disk file.................... rf(4) filsys, flblk, ino — format of file system volume....... filsys(5) functions.....................fabs, floor, ceil — absolute value, floor, ceiling ....... floor O) fclose, fllush — close or flush a stream...................... fclose(3) fopen, freopen, fdopen — open a stream........ fopen(3) fork — spawn new process............... fork(2) ar — archive (library) file format.......................... ar(5) arcv — convert archives to new format.......................... arcv(I)



	- XIV -

dump, ddate — incremental dump core — dir - filsys. flblk, ino - thi - roff - tp - DEC/mag tape scanf, fscanf, sscanf — printf, fprintf, sprintf — troff, nroff - lent ms — macros for (77 - ralfor — rational struct — structure cookies .....................chin g, conversion ...................printf, stream..................putc, putchar, puts, df - disk allocator....................malloc, fopen, exponent ........................ scanf, stat, fseek, time, floor, ceil — absolute value, floor, ceiling Intro — introduction to library jO, jl, jn, yO, yl, yn — bessel tan, asin, acos, atari, aian2 — trigonometric sinh, cosh, tanh — hyperbolic fread, backgammon — the checkers — moo — guessing bj - the chess — the reversi — a wump — the hangman, words — word itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, ecvt, fevt, maze — mkconf — makekey — abort — factor, primes — factor a number, ncheck — rand, srand — random number lex - or word from stream ................. getuid, getgid, geteuid, identity.................getuid, getgid, endgrent — get group file entry............ endpwent — get password file entry ......... and group identity................... getc, getchar, fgetc, time to ASCII............ctime, localtime, setjmp, longjmp — non-local graph — draw a plot - plot: open pi et al. — plot -		format.......................... dump(S) format of core image file................ core (5) format of directories................... dir(S) format of file system volume.............. filsys(5) format tables for nroff or troff............. tbl(l) format text........................ roff(l) formats.......................... tp(5) formatted input conversion............... scanf (3) formatted output conversion.............. primf(3) formatting and typesetting................ troff(l) formatting manuscripts................. ms(7) Fortran 77 compiler................... f77(l) Fortran dialect...................... ratfor(l) Fortran programs.................... struct (1) fortune — the book of changes and other....... ching(6) fprintf, sprintf — formatted output........... printf(3) fputc, putw — put character or word on a....... putc (3) fputs — put a string on a stream............ puis (3) fread, fwrite — buffered binary input/output...... fread (3) free............................ df(l) free, re alloc, calloc — main memory.......... malloc(3) freopen, fdopen — open a stream............ fopen (3) frexp, Idexp, modf — split into mantissa and...... frexp(3) fscanf, sscanf — formatted input conversion...... scanf(3) fseek, fteil, rewind — reposition a stream ....... fseek(3) fstat - get file status.................. stat(2) ftell, rewind — reposition a stream........... fseek (3) ftime — get date and time................ time(2) functions......................fabs, floor(3) functions......................... intro(3) functions......................... j0(3) functions....................sin, cos, sin(3) functions......................... sinh(3) fwrite — buffered binary input/output......... fread(3) game...........................backgammon{6) game........................... checkers(6) game........................... moo(6) game of black jack.................... bj(6) game of chess................... chess(6) game of dramatic reversals............... revcrsi{6) game of hunt-the-wumpus ............... wump<6) games .......................... words(6) gcd, rpow — multiple precision integer/ ........ mp(3) gcvt — output conversion................ ecvt(3) generate a maze problem................ maze(6) generate configuration tables.............. mkconf(l) generate encryption key................. tnakekey(S) generate IOT fault.................... abort(3> generate large primes.................. factor(l) generate names from i-numbers ............ ncheckO) generator......................... rand (3) generator of lexical analysis programs ......... lex(l) getc, getchar, fgetc, getw — get character....... getc(3> getegid — get user and group identity ......... getuid (2) getenv — value for environment name......... getenv(3) geteuid, getegid — get user and group......... getuid (2) getgrent, getgrgid, getgmam, setgrent,......... getgrent<3) getiogin — get login name................ get login (3) getpass — read a password............... getpass(3) getpid — gel process identification........... getpid{2) getpw - get name from UID.............. getpw(3) getpwent, getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent,....... geipwent(3) gets, fgets — get a string from a stream........ getsO) getty — set typewriter mode .............. getty(8) getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid — get user....... getuid<2) getw — get character or word from stream....... getc(3} gmlime, as ctime, timezone — convert date and .... ctime(3) goto........................... setjmp(3) graph........................... graph(l) graphics filters...................... piot(l) graphics interface .................... plot (3) graphics interface .................... plot(S)



			- XVII -

		man — print sections of this manual.......... man(l) tp — manipulate tape archive................. tpO) frexp, Idexp, mod/ — split into mantissa and exponent................. frexp(3) man — print sections of this manual.......................... man(I) man — macros to typeset manual.......................... man (7) ms — macros for formatting manuscripts ....................... ms(7) umask — set file creation mode mask........................... urn ask (2) eqn, neqn, eheckeq — typeset mathematics....................... eqn<l) maze — generate a maze problem........... maze{6) precision integer/......Horn, madd, msub, muit, mdiv, min, rnout, pow, gcd, rpow — multiple..... mp(3) bed, ppt — convert to antique media .......................... bcd(6) mem, kmem — core memory.............. mem (4) lock — lock a process in primary memory......................... lock (2) mem, kmem — core memory......................... mem(4) ma Hoc, free, realloc, cailoc — main memory allocator.................... mailocO) sort — sort or merge files........................ son(l) mesg — permit or deny messages............ mesg(l) perror, sys_erriist, sys_nerr — system error messages......................... perror(3) precision/......isom, madd, msub, muit, mdiv, min, rnout, pow, gcd, rpow — multiple......... mp(3) mkconf — generate configuration tables........ mkconf(l) mkdir — make a directory ............... mkdirO) mkfs — construct a tile system............. mkfs(l> mknod — build special file ............... mknod(l) mknod — make a directory or a special file ...... mknod (2) mktemp — make a unique file name.......... mktempO) chmod — change mode........................... chmod(i) getty — set typewriter mode........................... getty{8) umask — set file creation mode mask ....................... umask (2) chmod — change mode of file....................... chmod (2) frexp, Idexp, modf — split into mantissa and exponent ....... , frexp(3) touch — update date last modified of a file..................... touch! 1) monitor — prepare execution profile.......... monitor(3) moo — guessing game.................. moo (6) mount, umount — mount and dismount file system............ mount(i) mount, umount — mount or remove file system.............. mount (2) system......................... mount, umount — mount and dismount tile...... mount(l) mount, umount — mount or remove file system . . . mount<2) mtab — mounted fiie system table................ mtab(5) integer/ .... itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow — multiple precision...... mpO) rav — move or rename files and directories.......... mv(l) Iseek, teil — move read/write pointer................. lseek(2) hp - RH-11/RP04, RPOS, RP06 moving-head disk.................... hp(4) rp - RP-11/RP03 moving-head disk.................... rp(4) ms — macros for formatting manuscripts........ ms(7) — multiple precision integer/...... itom, madd, msub, muit, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow .... mp(3) mtab — mounted file system table........... mtab(5) multiple precision integer/ .... itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow —....... mp(3) mv — move or rename files and directories...... mv(l) getenv — value for environment name........................... getenv(3) getlogin — get login name........................... getlogin(3) mktemp — make a unique file name........................... mktemp(3) pwd — working directory name........................... pwd(l) tty — get terminal name........................... tty(l) getpw — get name from UiD..................... getpw(3) nlist — get entries from name list......................... ntist(3) nm — print name list......................... nm(l) ttyname, isatty, tty slot — find name of a terminal ................... ttyname(3) terminals— conventional names.......................... term (7) ncheck — generate names from i-numbers ................. ncheck(l) dumpdir — print the names of files on a dump tape ............. dumpdir(l) ncheck — generate names from i-numbers....... ncheck(t) eqn, neqn, eheckeq — typeset mathematics......... eqn(l) creat — create a new file.......................... creat(2) arcv — convert archives to new format........................ arcv(l) newgrp — log in to a new group........................ newgrp(l) fork — spawn new process....................... fork (2) newgrp — log in to a new group............ newgrp(l) trap,/......./cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times,........ sh(l) dbminit, fetch, store, delete, first key, nextkey — data base subroutines............ dbm(3) nice — set program priority............... nice(2) nice, nohup — run a command at low priority..... nice(l) nlist — get entries from name list............ nlist(3)



		- XIX - pr — prim file...................... pr(l) be — arbitrary- precision arithmetic language.............. bc(l) mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow — multiple precision integer arithmetic......../mjub, mult, mp(3) monitor — prepare execution profile ................ monitor(3) lock — lock a process in primary memory..................... lock (2) primes — factor a number, generate large primes.......................factor, factor(I) types — primitive system data types............... types(5) cat — catenate and print........................... cat(l) date — print and set the date.................. date(l) cai — print calendar...................... cal(l) pr — print file......................... pr(l) nm — print name list...................... nm(l) man — print sections of this manual .............. man(l) pstat — print system fact!.................... pstat(I) dumpdir — print the names of files on a dump tape ........ dumpdir(l) vp — Versatec printer-plotter...................... vp(4) conversion....................... printf, fprintf, sprintf — formatted output....... printfO) nice, nohup — run a command at low priority.......................... nice(l) nice — set program priority.......................... nice(2> boot — startup procedures........................ boot(8) exit — terminate process.......................... exit(2) fork — spawn new process.......................... fork (2) kill - send signal to a process.......................... ki!t(2) popen, pclose — initiate I/O to/from a process.......................... popen(3) wait — await completion of process.......................... wait(l) init, re — process control initialization............... init(8) getpid — get process identification................... getpid(2) lock — lock a process in primary memory............... lock (2) ps — process status...................... ps(l) times — get process times....................... times(2) phys — allow a process to access physical addresses........... phys(2) wait — wait for process to terminate................... wait(2) ptrace — process trace....................... ptrace(2) kili — terminate a process with extreme prejudice............. kili(l) awk — pattern scanning and processing language................... awk(I) m4 — macro processor......................... m4(l) prof — display profile data ............... profO) oroftl — execution time profile............. profil(2) monitor — prepare execution profile.......................... monitor £3) profil — execution time profile.......................... profil(2) prof — display profile data........................ profO) end, etext, edata — last locations in program......................... end(3) units — conversion program......................... units (0 cb — C program beautifier.................... cb(I) make — maintain program groups..................... makeU) nice — set program priority.................. nice(2) assert — program verification................... assert(3) lint — a C program verifier.................... iint(i) lex — generator of lexical analysis programs......................... lex(I) struct — structure Fortran programs......................... structU) pkon, pkoff — establish packet protocol......................... pkon(2) arithmetic — provide drill in number facts.............. arithmetic^) true, false — provide truth values................... trueO) ps - process status................... ps(l) pstat — print system facts................ pstat (1) ptrace — process trace.................. ptrace<2) ptx — permuted index.................. ptx(!) ungetc — push character back into input stream ......... ungetc<3> puis, fputs — put a string on a stream................. puts{3) putc, putchar, fputc, putw — put character or word on a stream ........... putc<3) puts, fputs — put a string on a stream......... puts(3) putc, putchar, fputc, putw — put character or word on a stream....... putc(3) pwd — working directory name............. pwd(l) qsort — quicker sort................... qsort(3) quiz — test your knowledge............... quiz(6) quot — summarize file system ownership ....... quot(l) rand, srand — random number generator....... rand(3) ratfor — rational Fortran dialect ............ ratfor(l) init, re — process control initialization............ init(S) read — read from file.................. read(2) getpass — read a password..................... geipass(3) read — read from file ...................... read(2)



			- XX -

		/cd, evaL, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap,/......... sh(l) open — open for reading or writing . . . ................ open (2) /exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask,/........ sh(J) iseek, tei! — move read/write pointer.................... lseek(2) malloc, free, reailoc, cailoc — main memory allocator........ mallocO) mail — send or receive mail among users................ mail(l) utmp, wtmp — login records.......................... utmp(5) references in documents ............... refer, lookbib — find and in sen literature....... refer 0) comm — select or reject lines common to two sorted files......... comm(l) lorder — find ordering relation for an object library............... lorder(l) join — relational database operator............... joint!} strip — remove symbols and relocation bits....................'. . strip(l) calendar — reminder service..................... calendar* 1) unlink — remove directory entry................. unlink(2) mount, umount — mount or remove file system.................... mount (I) derorT — remove nrolT, troff, lb! and eqn constructs....... deroff(0 strip — remove symbols and relocation bits........... strip(1) rm, rmdir — remove (unlink) files.................. rm(l) mv — move or rename flies and directories............... mv(l) uniq — report repeated lines in a file.................. uniq(l) iostat — report I/O statistics................... iostat(l) uniq — report repeated lines in a file.............. uniq(l) fseek, ftell, rewind — reposition a stream ................... fseek(3) res tor — incremental Ale system restore........ restor(l) rev — reverse lines of a file............... rev(l) reversi — a game of dramatic reversals......................... reversi{6) col — filter reverse line feeds.................... coi(l) rev — reverse lines of a file .................. rev(l) reversi — a game of dramatic reversals......... reversi (6) fseek, ftell, rewind — reposition a stream.............. fseek (3) rf- RF11/RS11 fixed-head disk file.......... rf(4) hp - RH-11/RP04, RP05, RP06 moving-head disk..... hp(4) hs - RH11/RS03-RSO4 fixed-head disk file ......... hs(4) ht - RH-ll/TU-16 magtape interface............ ht<4) sirncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex — string operations....../stmcat, strcmp, string(3) rk - RK-lI/RK03orRK05disk............ rk{4) rm, rmdir — remove (unlink) files........... rm(l) roff - format text.................... rofT(l) sqrt — exponential, logarithm, power, square root................exp, log, log 10, pow, exp(3) rp - RP-1I/RP03 moving-head disk.......... rp(4) hp - RH-il/ RP04, RP05, RP06 moving-head disk.......... hp(4) rp - RP-I1/RP03 moving-head disk............. rp(4) /madd, msub, mutt, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow — multiple precision integer arithmetic...... mp{3) hs - RHS1/ RS03-RS04 fixed-head disk file............. hs(4) rf-RFIl/ RSU fixed-head disk file................ rf(4) nice, nohup — run a command at low priority............. nice(l) sa, accton — system accounting............. sa(l) brk, ' sbrk, break — change core allocation.......... brk(2) conversion....................... scanf, fscanf. sscanf — formatted input......... scanf(3) awk — pattern scanning and processing language............ awk(i} alarm — schedule signal after specified time........... alarm (2) grep, egrep, fgrep — search a file for a pattern................ grep(l) xsend, *get, enroll — secret mail........................ xsend(t) man — print sections of this manual................. man(l) sed — stream editor................... sed(l) files......................comm — select or reject lines common to two sorted...... comm(l) mail — send or receive mail among users............ mail(l) kill — send signal to a process................. kill (2) ascii — map of ASCII character set............................ ascii(7) umask — set file creation mode mask............... umask(2) utime — set file times....................... utime(2) nice — set program priority................... nice(2) /exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait —/......... sh(l) stty — set terminal options................... stty(l) tabs — set terminal tabs..................... tabs(l) date — print and set the date ....................... date(l) stime — set time ......................... stime(2) getty — set typewriter mode................... getty(8> setuid, setgid — set user and group ID.................. setuid(2> setbuf — assign buffering to a stream ......... setbuf(3) setuid, setgid — set user and group ID............. setuid (2) getgrent, getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent — get group file entry........ getgrent(3)



			- xxii -

		su — substitute user id temporarily.............. su(l) sum — sum and count blocks in a file......... sum(I) du — summarize disk usage.................. dull) quot — summarize file system ownership.......... quot<l) sync — update the super block........................ sync(l) update — periodically update the super block........................ update(8) sync — update super-block........................ sync<2> sleep — suspend execution for an interval............ sleep(i) sleep — suspend execution for interval ............. sleepG) swab — swap bytes ................... swab (3) strip — remove symbols and relocation bits............... strip(i) sync — update super-block............... sync{2) syne — update the super block............. sync(I) messages....................perror, sys_errlist, sys_nerr — system error .......... perror{3) mtab — mounted file system table........................... mtab<5) mkconf — generate configuration tables........................... mkconf(l) tbl — format tables for nroffor troff................. tbt(l) tabs — set terminal tabs............................ tabs(l) laii — deliver the last part of a file........... tail(l) functions...................sin, cos, tan, asin, aeos, atan, a tan 2 — trigonometric...... sin (J) sinh, cosh, tanh — hyperbolic functions .............. sinh(3) dumpdir — print the names of files on a dump tape............................ dumpdtrCl) tp — manipulate tape archive....................... tp(l) tar — tapearchiver....................... tar(l) tp — DEC/mag tape formats....................... tp(5) tar — tapearchiver................... tar(l) tb! - format tables for nroffor troff.......... tbl(l) derorT — remove nrofT, trorT, tbl and eo,n constructs.................. deroff(l) te — phot ypesetter simulator.............. tcfl) tc - TC-11/TU56 DECtape............... tc(4) tee — pipe fitting .................... teeO) tk - paginate? for the Tektronix 4014...................... tk(l) Iseek, tell — move read/write pointer............. lseek(2) su — substitute user id temporarily........................ su(l) ttyname, isatty, ttysiot — find name of a terminal......................... ityname(3) ttys — terminal initialization data................ tiys(5) tty — genera! terminal interface.................... tty(4) uy — get terminal name...................... tty < 1 > stty — set terminal options..................... stty(l) tabs — set terminal tabs....................... tabs(l) terminals— conventional names ............ term<7) wait — wait for process to terminate......................... wait(2) kill— terminate a process with extreme prejudice....... kill(l) exit — terminate process.................... exit<2> test — condition command............... test(i> quiz — test your knowledge................... quiz(6> roff — format text............................ roff(I) ed - text editor........................ ed(I) troff, nroff — text formatting and typesetting............. troff(i) ttt, cubic - tie-iae-toe ........................ ttt(6) alarm — schedule signal after specified time ........................... alarm (2) at — execute commands at a later time........................... at(!) stime — set time........................... siime(2> time, ftime — get dace and time........................... time<2) time — time a command................ timed) time, ftime — get date and time............ time(2) profil — execution time profile........................ profii<2) gmtime, asctime, timezone — convert date and time to ASCII.............ctjme, localtime, etime(3) times — get process times........................... times(2) utime — set file times........................... utime<2) times — get process times................ times(2) /login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait — command language .... sh(l) dime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone — convert date and time to ASCII...... clime (3) tk — oaginator for the Tektronix 4014......... tk(I) tm - TM-Ii/TU-10 magtape interface......... tm(4) tsort — topological sort...................... tsonO) touch — update date last modified of a file....... touch (1) tp — DEC/mag tape formats.............. tp(5) tp — manipulate tape archive.............. tp(l) tr — translate characters................. tr(l) ptrace — process trace........................... ptraee(2) tr — translate characters ................... tr(l)



			- xxiu -

		newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait — command language .... /login, sh(l) sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 — trigonometric functions................. sin(3) tbi — format tables for nroff or troff........................... tbld) typesetting....................... troff, nroff — text formatting and ........... troff(l) deroff — remove nroff, troff, tbl and eon constructs................ deroffO) true, false — provide truth values ........... trueO) tsort — topological sort................. tson(l) tit, cubic — tic-tac-toe.................. ttt(6) tty — general terminal interface............. tty(4) tty — get terminal name................. ttyd) terminal........................ tty name, isatty, ttyslot — find name of a........ ttynameO) ttys — terminal initialization data............ ttys(5) ttyname, isatty, ttyslot — find name of a terminal............ ttynameO) tm - TM-tl/ TU-10 magtape interface ................ tmW ht - RH-1I/ TU-16 magtape interface ................ ht<4) tc - TC-ll/ TU56 DECtape ...................... tc(4) file - determine file type............................ fiie(l) types - primitive system data types........................... types(5) man — macros to typeset manual...................... man<7) eqn, neqn, checkeq — typeset mathematics................... eqn(!> troff, nroff - text formatting and typesetting........................ iroff(!) getty — set typewriter mode..................... getty<8) getpw — get name from UID........................... getpw(3) umask — set file creation mode mask ......... umask (2) read, readoniy, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait — command language....../newgrp, sh(l) mount, umount — mount and dismount file system...... mount (1) mount, umount — mount or remove file system........ mount<2) stream......................... ungetc — push character back into input........ ungetcO) uniq — report repeated iines in a file.......... uniq(l) mktemp — make a unique Hie name..................... mktempO) units — conversion program .............. units(I) cu - call UNIX.......................... cud) uux — unix to unix command execution................ uuxd) uucp, uulog — unix to unix copy......................... uucp(l) uux — unix to unix command execution............ uux<l) uucp, uulog — unix to unix copy.................... uucp(l) unlink — remove directory entry............ unlink<2) rm, rmdir — remove ( uniink) files....................... rm(3) update — periodically update the super block ..... update{8) touch — update date last modified of a file............ touch (1) sync — update super-block.................... sync(2) sync — update the super block ................. sync(l) update — periodically update the super block ................. update{8) du — summarize disk usage........................... dud) write — write to another user ........................... write(l) setuid, setgid — set user and group ID.................... setuid(2> getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid —get user and group identity................. getuid(2) environ — user environment.................... environ(S) su —substitute user id temporarily.................... su(3) mail — send or receive mail among users........................... mail(l) wail — write to all users........................... walld) utime — set file times.................. utime{2) utmp, wtmp — login records.............. utmp(5) uucp, uulog — unix to unix copy............ uucpd) uux — unix to unix command execution........ uuxd) abs — integer absolute value........................... abs(3> fabs, floor, ceil — absolute value, floor, ceiling functions.............. floor(3) getenv — value for environment name.............. getenvO) true, false — provide truth values.......................... trued) assert — program verification........................ assert (3) lint — a C program verifier.......................... lintd) vp — Versatec printer-plotter................. vp(4) filsys, flblk, ino — format of file system volume.......................... filsys(5) vp — Versatec printer-plotter.............. vp(4l wait — await completion of process........... waitd) readoniy, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait — command language......./newgrp, read. shd) wait — wait for process to terminate.......... wait(2) wail — write to ail users................. walld) wc — word count.................... wed) crash — what to do when the system crashes.......... crash (8) export, login, newgrp,/........sh, for, case, if, while, break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit....... sh(!) who — who is on the system.............. who(l)



		- XXIV - wc — word count........................ wc(l) getchar, fgetc, get* — get character or word from stream .................getc, getcQ) hangman, words — word games....................... words (6) putchar, fputc, putw — put character or word on a stream..................putc, putc(3) hangman, words — word games.................. words (6) cd — change working directory.................... cd(l) pwd — working directory name................. pwd(l) write — write on a file.................. write<2) write — write to another user.............. write(i) write — write on a file...................... write(2> Iseek, tell — move read/ write pointer....................... lseek{2) wail — write to aii users..................... wali(l> write — write to another user .................. write(l) open — open for reading or writing.......................... open(2) utmp, wimp — login records.................. utmp(5) wump — the game of hunf-lhe-wumpus........ wump(6) isend, xget, enroll — secret mail................ xsend(l) JO, jl, jn, yO, yl.yn — besse) functions.............. j0(3) yacc — yet another compiler-compiler......... yacc(l)



ADB(1)			ADB(1)

		values 000 to 040 are printed as @ followed by the corresponding character in the range 0100 to 0140. The character @ is printed as @@. s /i Print the addressed characters until a zero character is reached. S /i Print a string using the @ escape convention, n is the length of the string including its zero terminator. Y 4 Print 4 bytes in date format (see ctimeO)). i n Print as PDP11 instructions, n is the number of bytes occupied by the instruc- tion. This style of printing causes variables 1 and 2 to be set to the offset parts of the source and destination respectively. a 0 Print the value of dot in symbolic form. Symbols are checked to ensure that they have an appropriate type as indicated below. / local or global data symboi ? local or global text symbol ™ local or global absolute symboi p 2 Print the addressed value in symbolic form using the same rules for symbol lookup as a. t 0 When preceded by an integer tabs to the next appropriate tab stop. For exam- ple, 8t moves to the next 8-space tab stop. r 0 Print a space. n 0 Print a newline. "..." 0 Print the enclosed string. Dot is decremented by the current increment. Nothing is printed. + Dot is incremented by 1. Nothing is printed. — Dot'is decremented by 1. Nothing is printed. newline If the previous command temporarily incremented dot, make the increment permanent. Repeat the previous command with a count of 1. [?/]! value mask Words starting at dot are masked with mask and compared with value until a match is found. If L is used then the match is for 4 bytes at a time instead of 2. If no match is found then dot is unchanged; otherwise dot is set to the matched iocation. If mask is omitted then — 1 is used. [?/]w value... Write the 2-byte value into the addressed location. If the command is W, write 4 bytes. Odd addresses are not allowed when writing to the subprocess address space. [IPimblel /?(?/! New values for {bl, el, /I) are recorded. If less than three expressions are given then the remaining map parameters are left unchanged. If the '?* or 7' is followed by '•' then the second segment (b2,e2,J2) of the mapping is changed. If the list is ter- minated by '?' or 7' then the file {objfil or corfil respectively) is used for subsequent requests. (So that, for example, 7m?' will cause 7' to refer to objfil.) >name Dot is assigned to the variable or register named. I A shell is called to read the rest of the line following '!'. Smodifier Miscellaneous commands. The available modifiers are: <f Read commands from the file/and return. >f Send output to the file / which is created if it does not exist. r Print the general registers and the instruction addressed by pc. Dot is set to pc f Print the floating registers in single or double length. If the floating point

	7th Edition			3



ARCV(1M)
ARCV(1M)		ARCV(IM)
		ARCV(IM)

NAME arcv — convert archives to new format SYNOPSIS arcv file ... DESCRIPTION Arcv converts archive files (see ar(l), ar(5)) from 6th edition to 7th edition format. The conversion is done in place, and the command refuses to alter a file not in old archive format. Old archives are marked with a magic number of 0177555 at the start; new archives have 0177545. FILES /tmp/v", temporary copy SEE ALSO ar(l), ar(5)

	7th Edition		1
	7th Edition



AS(1)			AS(1)
AS(1)

	NAME as — assembler SYNOPSIS as E — 3 [ —o objfile 3 file ... DESCRIPTION As assembles the concatenation of the named Ales. If the optional hrst argument — is used, all undefined symbols in the assembly are treated as global. The output of the assembly is left on the file objfile; if that is omitted, a.out is used. It is exe- cutable if no errors occurred during the assembly, and if there were no unresolved external references. FILES /lib/as2 pass 2 of the assembler /tmp/atm (1 -3 ] ? temporary a.out object SEE ALSO ld(l), nm(l), adb(l), a.out(5) UNIX Assembler Manual by D. M. Ritchie DIAGNOSTICS When an input file cannot be read, its name followed by a question mark is typed and assembly ceases. When syntactic or semantic errors occur, a single-character diagnostic is typed out together with the line number and the file name in which it occurred. Errors in pass 1 cause cancellation of pass 2. The possible errors are: ) Parentheses error ] Parentheses error < String not terminated properly * Indirection used illegally Illegal assignment to '.' a Error in address b Branch instruction is odd or too remote e Error in expression f Error in local (T or 'b') type symboi g Garbage (unknown) character i End of file inside an if m Multiply defined symbol as label o Word quantity assembled at odd address p V different in pass 1 and 2 r Relocation error u Undefined symbol x Syntax error BUGS Syntax errors can cause incorrect line numbers in following diagnostics.

		7th Edition PDP11 1



		AT(1)
	ATU>


NAME at — execute commands at a later time SYNOPSIS at time [ day ] [ file 3 DESCRIPTION At squirrels away a copy of the named file (standard input default) to be used as input to sh(l) at a specified later time. A cd(\) command to the current directory is inserted at the beginning, followed by assignments to ail environment variables. When the script is run, it uses the user and group ID of-the creator of the copy file. The time is 1 to 4 digits, with an optional following 'A', 'P\ 'N* or 'M' for AM, PM, noon or midnight. One and two digit numbers are taken to be hours, three and four digits to be hours and minutes. If no letters follow the digits, a 24 hour clock time is understood. The optional day is either (1) a month name followed by a day number, or (2) a day of the week; if the word 'week' follows invocation is moved seven days further off. Names of months and days may be recognizably truncated. Examples of legitimate commands are at Sam jan 24 at 1530 frweek At programs are executed by periodic execution of the command lusrllibiatrun from cron(8). The granularity of at depends upon how often a trim is executed. Standard output or error output is lost unless redirected. FILES /usr/spool/at/yy.ddd.hhhh.uu activity to be performed at hour hhhh of year day dddof year yy. mi is a unique number. /usr/spool/at/iasttimedone contains hhhh for last hour of activity. /usr/spool/at/past directory of activities now in progress /usr/lib/atrun program that executes activities that are due pwd(l) SEE ALSO calendar(t), cron<8) DIAGNOSTICS Complains about various syntax errors and times out of range. BUGS Due to the granularity of the execution of lusrilibiatrun. there may be bugs in scheduling things almost exactly 24 hours into the future.

7th Edition
7th Edition			1
			1



AWK (1 )		AWK ( I)
AWK (1 )

NAME awk — pattern scanning and processing language SYNOPSIS awk [ — ¥c ] [ prog ] [ file i ... DESCRIPTION Awk scans each input file for lines that match any of a set of patterns specified in prog. With each pattern in prog there can be an associated action that will be performed when a line of a file matches the pattern. The set of patterns may appear literaiiy as prog, or in a file specified as -ffile. Files are read in order; if there are no files, the standard input is read. The file name ' —¹means the standard input. Each iine is matched against the pattern portion of every pattern- action statement; the associated action is performed for each matched pattern. An input iine is made up of fields separated by white space. (This default can be changed by using FS, vide irt/ra.) The fields are denoted $1, $2, ... ; $0 refers to the entire line. A pattern-action statement has the form pattern { action } A missing ! action } means print the line; a missing pattern always matches. An action is a sequence of statements. A statement can be one of the following: if ( conditional) statement [ else statement ] while ( conditional) statement for ( expression ; conditional ; expression ) statement break continue { [ statement ] ... } variable ** expression print [ expression-list ] [ >expression J printf format (, expression-list ] [ > expression ] next # skip remaining patterns on this input iine exit # skip the rest of the input Statements are terminated by semicolons, newlines or right braces. An empty expression-iist stands for the whole iine. Expressions take on string or numeric values as appropriate, and are built using the operators +, —, , /, %, and concatenation (indicated by a blank). The C operators ++,-----, +™, —=-, =-, /~, and %— are also available in expressions. Variables may be scalars, array elements (denoted x[ij) or fields. Variables are initialized to the null string. Array subscripts may be any string, not necessarily numeric; this allows for a form of associative memory. String constants are quoted "...". The print statement prints its arguments on the standard output (or on a file if >file is present), separated by the current output fieid separator, and terminated by the output record separator. The /v/n(/"statement formats its expression list according to the format (see printjXD). The built-in function length returns the length of its argument taken as a string, or of the whole line if no argument. There are also built-in functions exp, log, sqrt, and int. The last truncates its argument to an integer, substrfs, m, n) returns the ^-character substring of s that begins at position m. The function sprintfQmt, expr, expr, ...) formats the expressions according to the printJiV) format given by fint and returns the resulting string. Patterns are arbitrary Boolean combinations {!, li, &&, and parentheses) of regular expressions and relational expressions. Regular expressions must be surrounded by slashes and are as in egrep. Isolated regular expressions in a pattern apply to the entire line. Regular expressions may also occur in relational expressions.

	7th Edition		!
	7th Edition



	AWK(l)
	AWK(l)		AWK(1)
			AWK(1)

A pattern may consist of two patterns separated by a comma; in this case, the action is per- formed for ail lines between an occurrence of the first pattern and the next occurrence of the second. A relational expression is one of the following: expression matchop regular-expression expression relop expression where a relop is any of the six relational operators in C, and a matchop is either " (for contains) or i" {for does not contain). A conditional is an arithmetic expression, a relational expression, or a Boolean combination of these. The special patterns BEGIN and END may be used to capture control before the first input line is read and after the last. BEGIN must be the first pattern, END the last. A single character c may be used to separate the fields by starting the program with BEGIN ! FS ± "c" } or by using the —Fc option. Other variable names with special meanings include NF, the number of fields in the current record; NR, the ordinal number of the current record; FILENAME, the name of the current input file; OFS, the output field separator {default blank); ORS, the output record separator (default newline); and OFMT, the output formal for numbers (default "%.6g"). EXAMPLES Print lines longer than 72 characters: length > 72 Print first two fields in opposite order: ! print $2, $1 \| Add up first column, print sum and average: Ss +- $1 } END { print "sum is", s, " average is", s/NR ! Print fields in reverse order: ( for (i - NF; i > 0;-----i) print Si ) Print all lines between start/stop pairs: /start/, /stop/ Print all lines whose first field is different from previous one: $1 !- prev ! print; prev - $1 j SEE ALSO lex(l), sed(l) A. V. Aho, B. W. Kernighan, P. J. Weinberger, Awk — a pattern scanning and processing language BUGS There are no explicit conversions between numbers and strings. To force an expression to be treated as a number add 0 to it; to force it to be treated as a string concatenate "" to it.

		7th Edition
		7th Edition		2
				2



		BAS(I)	BAS(1)


	NAME bas — basic SYNOPSIS bas {file ] DESCRIPTION Bas is a dialect of Basic. If a tile argument is provided, the hie is used for input before the ter- minal is read. Bas accepts lines of the form: statement integer statement Integer numbered statements (known as internal statements) are stored for later execution. They are stored in sorted ascending order. Non-numbered statements are immediately execut- ed. The result of an immediate expression statement (that does not have '—' as its highest operator) is printed, interrupts suspend computation. Statements have the following syntax: expression The expression is executed for its side effects (assignment or function call) or for printing as described above. comment ... This statement is ignored. It Is used to interject commentary in a program. done Return to system level. dump The name and current value of every variable is printed. edit The UNIX editor, ed, is invoked with the file argument. After the editor exits, this file is recompiled. for name = expression expression statement for name = expression expression next The for statement repetitively executes a statement (first form) or a group of statements (second form) under control of a named variable. The variable takes on the value of the first expression, then is incremented by one on each loop, not to exceed the value of the second expression. goto expression The expression is evaluated, truncated to an integer and execution goes to the corresponding integer numbered statment. If executed from immediate mode, the inter- nal statements are compiled first. if expression statement if expression E else ... ] fi The statement (first form) or group of statements (second form) is executed if the ex- pression evaluates to non-zero. In the second form, an optional else allows for a group of statements to be executed when the first group is not.

7th Edition
				1